Implemented shortest-circuit disambiguation, maximum probability disambiguation, HMM-based lexical annotation and BiLSTM+CRF-based named entity recognition

Overview

To Startup

进入根目录(ner文件夹 或 seg_tag文件夹),执行:

pip install -r requirements.txt

等待环境配置完成

程序入口为main.py文件,执行:

python main.py

seg_tag文件夹中将会一次性输出:

  1. 最大概率分词结果与P、R、F
  2. 最大概率分词(加法平滑)结果与P、R、F
  3. 最大概率分词(Jelinek-Mercer插值法平滑)结果与P、R、F
  4. 最短路分词结果与P、R、F
  5. 词性标注结果与两种评分的P、R、F
  6. 各算法耗时

ner文件夹中将会输出:

  1. 各标签的数量和各自的P、R、F
  2. 测试集上的P、R、F
  3. 混淆矩阵
  4. 算法耗时

自动分词与词性标注部分

文件结构

D:.
│  clean.ipynb # 处理数据集dag.py # 建图dictionary.py # 建立词典main.py # 程序入口mpseg.py # 最大概率分词模块pos.py # 词性标注模块spseg.py # 最短路分词模块requirements.txttrie.py # trie树score.py # 函数
│
├─data # 数据集sequences.txtwordpieces.txt
│          
└─__pycache__

每个模块均经过单元测试和集成测试

代码注释采用Google风格

建立词典

定义class Trie作为词典数据结构,在Trie的尾节点保存该词出现的次数与词性。

使用Trie可以最大化节约空间开销。

定义class Dictionary作为词典,并统计词频、词性、转移矩阵、发射矩阵等。

基于词典的最短路分词

给定句子sentence[N],调用类SPseg中的spcut方法,代码依次执行:

  1. 依据词典建立有向无环图(调用类DAG
  2. 最短路dp (调用dp函数)
  3. 回溯得到最短路径
  4. 返回分词结果

最短路分词获得的是尽可能小的分词集合。

基于统计的最大概率分词

给定句子sentence[N],调用类MPseg中的mpcut方法,代码依次执行:

  1. 依据词典建立有向无环图(调用类DAG
  2. 根据类Dictionary中统计的词频计算边权(边权为该词出现的概率)
  3. 最短路dp (调用dp函数)
  4. 回溯得到最短路径
  5. 返回分词结果

最大概率分词得到的分词结果y满足 $$ y = argmax{P(y|x)} = argmax \frac{P(x|y)P(y)}{P(x)} $$ 其中$P(x), P(x|y)$是常数,即: $$ y & = argmax P(y|x)\ & = argmax P(y) \ & = argmax \prod_1^n P(w_i) \ & = argmax log(\prod_1^n P(w_i))\ & = argmin (- \sum_i^m log(P(w_i)) )\ $$ 最大概率即可等价于在DAG上求边权为$-log(P)$的最短路径

数据平滑

考虑到unseen event,对于频率为0的事件,我们也应分配一定的概率。

代码给出了两种数据平滑方式:

  1. Adding smoothing (加法平滑方法)
  2. Jelinek-Mercer interpolation (JM插值法)

Adding smoothing: $$ P(w_i) = \frac{\delta + c(w_i)}{\delta|V| + \sum_j c(w_j)} $$ 代码中取$\delta = 1$

Jelinek-Mercer interpolation $$ P(w_i) = \lambda P_{ML}(w_i) + (1-\lambda)P_{unif} $$ 思想为n元模型的概率由n元模型和n-1元模型插值而成

代码中取0元模型为均匀分布:$P_{unif} = \frac{1}{|V|}$,并给出$\lambda$的默认值为0.9

基于HMM的词性标注

HMM是一种概率图模型,基于统计学习得到emission matrix和transition matrix,推断给定观测序列(分词结果)的隐状态(词性序列)。

给出分词结果,调用类WordTagging中的tagging方法,代码依次执行:

  1. 根据词频计算发射概率和转移概率
  2. Viterbi decoding,找到具有最大概率的隐状态序列
  3. 回溯,得到隐状态序列

HMM经Viterbi解码得到的词性序列满足: $$ y & = argmax P(y|x)\ & = argmax \frac{P(y)P(x|y)}{P(x)} \ & = argmax P(y)\ & = argmax {\pi[t_i]b_1[w_1] \prod_1^{n-1} a[t_i][t_{i+1}]b_{i+1}[w_{i+1}]} \ & = argmax {log(\pi[t_i]b_1[w_1] \prod_1^{n-1} a[t_i][t_{i+1}]b_{i+1}[w_{i+1}])}\ & = argmin {-( log(\pi[t_i]) + log(b_1[w_1]) + \sum_i^m {log(a[t_i][t_{i+1}])+log(b_{i+1}[w_{i+1}])} )}\ $$

准确率、召回率、F1 score与性能

由公式: $$ P = \frac{系统输出的正确结果}{系统输出的全部结果个数} \ R = \frac{系统输出的正确结果}{测试集中的结果个数} \ F = \frac{2\times P \times R}{P+R} $$ 执行python main.py命令,在测试数据上推断,可得到上述全部分词、词性标注结果,并得到准确率、召回率、F1 score和性能指标

分词准确率:MP(with JM smoothing) = MP(with Add1 smoothing) > MP(no smoothing) = SP

使用平滑技术能得到更好的分词效果,统计方法(MP)比词典法能得到更好的分词效果。

HMM词性标注中,先利用MP(with JM smoothing) 法分词,再对分词结果进行词性标注。同时采用了粗略的评价指标(不考虑顺序)和严格的评价指标(考虑顺序)。

对于给定的长为N的序列:

Methods Inference Time Complexity
MP分词 $O(N+M)$
SP分词 $O(N+M)$
HMM词性标注 $O(T^2N)$

其中,$M$为DAG中的边数,$T$词性总数。因此三个算法的推断复杂度都是线性的

命名实体识别部分

采用BiLSTM+CRF模型

img

其中,BiLSTM输入是给定的sentence(embedding sequence),输出为该词对应的命名实体标签。它通过双向的设置学习到观测序列(输入的字)之间的依赖,在训练过程中,LSTM能够根据目标(比如识别实体)自动提取观测序列的特征。但是,BiLSTM无法学习到输出序列之间的依赖与约束关系。

CRF等同于在BiLSTM的输出上添加了一层约束,使得模型也能学习到输出序列内部之间的的依赖。传统的CRF需要人为给出特征模板,但在该模型中,特征函数将由模型自行学习得到。

文件结构

D:.
│  dataloader.py # 载入数据集evaluation.py # 评估模型main.py # 程序入口model.py # BiLSTM、BiLSTM+CRF模型utils.py # 函数requirements.txt
│
├─data_ner # 数据集dev.char.bmestest.char.bmestrain.char.bmes
│
├─results # 训练好的模型BiLSTM+CRF.pkl
│
└─__pycache__

参数设置

Total epoches Batch size learning rate hidden size embedding size
30 64 0.001 128 128

每结束一个epoch,模型在验证集上评估,选取在验证集上效果最好的模型作为最终模型(optimal model)。

模型在测试集上能达到95%以上的准确率。

Reference

[1] 宗成庆 《统计自然语言处理》

[2] Lample G, Ballesteros M, Subramanian S, et al. Neural architectures for named entity recognition[J]. arXiv preprint arXiv:1603.01360, 2016.

[3] blog: 1. Understanding LSTM Networks -- colah's blog, 2. CRF Layer on the Top of BiLSTM - 1 | CreateMoMo

[4] code: 1. hiyoung123/ChineseSegmentation: 中文分词 (github.com) ,2. luopeixiang/named_entity_recognition: 中文命名实体识别(github.com), 3. Advanced: Making Dynamic Decisions and the Bi-LSTM CRF — PyTorch Tutorials 1.9.1+cu102 documentation

[5] dataset: 1. jiesutd/LatticeLSTM: Chinese NER using Lattice LSTM. Code for ACL 2018 paper. (github.com), 2. 人民日报1998

Composed Image Retrieval using Pretrained LANguage Transformers (CIRPLANT)

CIRPLANT This repository contains the code and pre-trained models for Composed Image Retrieval using Pretrained LANguage Transformers (CIRPLANT) For d

Zheyuan (David) Liu 29 Nov 17, 2022
Understanding the Difficulty of Training Transformers

Admin Understanding the Difficulty of Training Transformers Guided by our analyses, we propose Adaptive Model Initialization (Admin), which successful

Liyuan Liu 300 Dec 29, 2022
Mysticbbs-rjam - rJAM splitscreen message reader for MysticBBS A46+

rJAM splitscreen message reader for MysticBBS A46+

Robbert Langezaal 4 Nov 22, 2022
The code for the Subformer, from the EMNLP 2021 Findings paper: "Subformer: Exploring Weight Sharing for Parameter Efficiency in Generative Transformers", by Machel Reid, Edison Marrese-Taylor, and Yutaka Matsuo

Subformer This repository contains the code for the Subformer. To help overcome this we propose the Subformer, allowing us to retain performance while

Machel Reid 10 Dec 27, 2022
This is the library for the Unbounded Interleaved-State Recurrent Neural Network (UIS-RNN) algorithm, corresponding to the paper Fully Supervised Speaker Diarization.

UIS-RNN Overview This is the library for the Unbounded Interleaved-State Recurrent Neural Network (UIS-RNN) algorithm. UIS-RNN solves the problem of s

Google 1.4k Dec 28, 2022
Backend for the Autocomplete platform. An AI assisted coding platform.

Introduction A custom predictor allows you to deploy your own prediction implementation, useful when the existing serving implementations don't fit yo

Tatenda Christopher Chinyamakobvu 1 Jan 31, 2022
To be a next-generation DL-based phenotype prediction from genome mutations.

Sequence -----------+-- 3D_structure -- 3D_module --+ +-- ? | |

Eric Alcaide 18 Jan 11, 2022
Reproducing the Linear Multihead Attention introduced in Linformer paper (Linformer: Self-Attention with Linear Complexity)

Linear Multihead Attention (Linformer) PyTorch Implementation of reproducing the Linear Multihead Attention introduced in Linformer paper (Linformer:

Kui Xu 58 Dec 23, 2022
Integrating the Best of TF into PyTorch, for Machine Learning, Natural Language Processing, and Text Generation. This is part of the CASL project: http://casl-project.ai/

Texar-PyTorch is a toolkit aiming to support a broad set of machine learning, especially natural language processing and text generation tasks. Texar

ASYML 726 Dec 30, 2022
Gathers machine learning and Tensorflow deep learning models for NLP problems, 1.13 < Tensorflow < 2.0

NLP-Models-Tensorflow, Gathers machine learning and tensorflow deep learning models for NLP problems, code simplify inside Jupyter Notebooks 100%. Tab

HUSEIN ZOLKEPLI 1.7k Dec 30, 2022
Simple bots or Simbots is a library designed to create simple bots using the power of python. This library utilises Intent, Entity, Relation and Context model to create bots .

Simple bots or Simbots is a library designed to create simple chat bots using the power of python. This library utilises Intent, Entity, Relation and

14 Dec 15, 2021
Language-Agnostic SEntence Representations

LASER Language-Agnostic SEntence Representations LASER is a library to calculate and use multilingual sentence embeddings. NEWS 2019/11/08 CCMatrix is

Facebook Research 3.2k Jan 04, 2023
Large-scale pretraining for dialogue

A State-of-the-Art Large-scale Pretrained Response Generation Model (DialoGPT) This repository contains the source code and trained model for a large-

Microsoft 1.8k Jan 07, 2023
WikiPron - a command-line tool and Python API for mining multilingual pronunciation data from Wiktionary

WikiPron WikiPron is a command-line tool and Python API for mining multilingual pronunciation data from Wiktionary, as well as a database of pronuncia

213 Jan 01, 2023
Neural text generators like the GPT models promise a general-purpose means of manipulating texts.

Boolean Prompting for Neural Text Generators Neural text generators like the GPT models promise a general-purpose means of manipulating texts. These m

Jeffrey M. Binder 20 Jan 09, 2023
Repositório do trabalho de introdução a NLP

Trabalho da disciplina de BI NLP Repositório do trabalho da disciplina Introdução a Processamento de Linguagem Natural da pós BI-Master da PUC-RIO. Eq

Leonardo Lins 1 Jan 18, 2022
Code for the paper "Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer"

T5: Text-To-Text Transfer Transformer The t5 library serves primarily as code for reproducing the experiments in Exploring the Limits of Transfer Lear

Google Research 4.6k Jan 01, 2023
Cải thiện Elasticsearch trong bài toán semantic search sử dụng phương pháp Sentence Embeddings

Cải thiện Elasticsearch trong bài toán semantic search sử dụng phương pháp Sentence Embeddings Trong bài viết này mình sẽ sử dụng pretrain model SimCS

Vo Van Phuc 18 Nov 25, 2022
STonKGs is a Sophisticated Transformer that can be jointly trained on biomedical text and knowledge graphs

STonKGs STonKGs is a Sophisticated Transformer that can be jointly trained on biomedical text and knowledge graphs. This multimodal Transformer combin

STonKGs 27 Aug 11, 2022
Transformer-based Text Auto-encoder (T-TA) using TensorFlow 2.

T-TA (Transformer-based Text Auto-encoder) This repository contains codes for Transformer-based Text Auto-encoder (T-TA, paper: Fast and Accurate Deep

Jeong Ukjae 13 Dec 13, 2022